Metal Extraction — GCSE Chemistry Revision
Revise Metal Extraction for GCSE Chemistry. Step-by-step explanation, worked examples, common mistakes and exam-style practice aligned to AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC, Eduqas, CCEA, Cambridge International (CIE), SQA, IB, AP.
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Go to Oxidation, Reduction & RedoxWhat is Metal Extraction?
Metal extraction is the process of obtaining a metal from its ore, which is a naturally occurring rock containing the metal compound. The method of extraction depends on the metal's reactivity. Unreactive metals like gold are found native, while more reactive metals are extracted by reduction with carbon or by electrolysis.
Board notes: Metal extraction is a major topic that combines concepts of reactivity, redox, and industrial processes. All boards cover extraction by carbon and electrolysis. Newer methods like phytomining and bioleaching are also included in some specifications.
Step-by-step explanationWorked example
Iron is extracted from its ore (haematite, mainly iron(III) oxide) in a blast furnace. The iron oxide is reduced by carbon monoxide: Fe₂O₃ + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO₂. Since iron is less reactive than carbon, this method is feasible and economical.
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Common mistakes
- 1Confusing reduction and oxidation. In extraction, the metal ion in the ore is reduced (gains electrons) to form the metal atom.
- 2Not linking the extraction method to the reactivity series. Remember the rule: metals below carbon are extracted with carbon; metals above carbon are extracted with electrolysis.
- 3Forgetting the economic factors. The choice of extraction method is also influenced by the cost of the process, including energy costs and the price of the reducing agent.
Metal Extraction exam questions
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Step-by-step method
Step-by-step explanation
4 steps · Worked method for Metal Extraction
Core concept
Metal extraction is the process of obtaining a metal from its ore, which is a naturally occurring rock containing the metal compound. The method of extraction depends on the metal's reactivity. Unreac…
Frequently asked questions
Why is electrolysis so expensive?
Electrolysis requires a large amount of electrical energy to break down the molten ionic compound. This makes it a very expensive process, reserved for reactive metals like aluminium where other methods don't work.
What is phytomining?
Phytomining is a modern, more environmentally friendly method of extracting metals. It involves growing plants that absorb metal compounds from the soil. The plants are then harvested and burned to produce an ash from which the metal can be extracted.